Positive Impacts of Tourism

From ST-BPG Online Directory
Jump to: navigation, search

Chapter coordinator: Anna Spenceley
Chapter contributors: Anna Spenceley, Robyn Bushell, Glen Hvenegaard


Chapter 4 Table of Contents
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Economic Benefits
4.3 Social and Cultural Benefits

4.3.1 Benefits to Local Communities
4.3.2 Health Benefits

4.4 Environmental Benefits
4.5 Guidelines for Promoting Positive Impacts

Economic Guidelines
Social Guidelines
Environmental Guidelines


References

  1. Archabald, K. and Naughton-Treves, L. (2001).‘Tourism Revenue-sharing around National Parks in Western Uganda: Early Efforts to Identify and Reward Local Communities’. Environmental Conservation. 28(2):135-149.
  2. Aylward, B. (2004) The actual and potential contribution of nature tourism in Zululand: Considerations for development, equity and conservation, in Aylward, B. and Lutz, E. (Eds) op. cit, pp 3-40
  3. Barnes, M.L. and Eagles, P. (2004).‘Examining the Relationship BetweenEcotourists and Philanthropic Behaviour’.Tourism Recreation Research 29(3):35-38.
  4. Beaumont, N. (2001).‘Ecotourism and the Conservation Ethic: Recruiting the Uninitiated or Preaching to the Converted’.Journal of Sustainable Tourism 9(4):317-341.
  5. Biggs, D., Turpie, J., Fabricius, C. andSpenceley, A. (2011).‘The Value of Avitourism for Conservation and Job Creation – An Analysis from South Africa’.Conservation and Society 9(1):80-90.
  6. Blom, A. (2000).‘The Monetary Impact of Tourism on Protected Area Management and the Local Economy in Dzanga-Sangha (Central African Republic)’Journal of Sustainable Tourism 8(3):175-189.
  7. Boggs, L. (2000). Community power, participation, conflict and development choice: community wildlife conservation in the Okavango region of northern Botswana. Evaluating Eden Series, Discussion Paper No. 17, International Institute for Environment and Development, London. Online Resource
  8. Boggs, L. (2004). Community-based natural resource management in the Okavango Delta. In Fabricius, C. & Koch, E. (Eds.) with Magome, H. and Turner, S. (2004). Rights, Resources and Rural Development: Community-Based Natural Resource Management in Southern Africa (pp 147-159). Earthscan, UK.
  9. Bottema, M.J.M. and Bush, S.R. (2012). The durability of private sector-led marine conservation: A case study of two entrepreneurial marine protected areas in Indonesia. Ocean & Coastal Management 61: 38-48.
  10. Buckley, R. (2010). Conservation Tourism. Wallingford, UK:CABI Publishing.
  11. Burns, G.L. (2004). The host community and wildlife tourism. pp. 125-144. In: Higginbottom, ed. Wildlife Tourism: Impacts, Management, and Planning, Common Ground: Altona, Victoria, Australia.
  12. Bush, G., Hanley, N. and Colombo, S. (2008) Measuring the demand for nature-based tourism in Africa: A choice experiment using the ‘cut-off’ approach. Discussion paper 2008-6, Stirling Economics, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK. Cited in Nielsen, H. and Spenceley, A. (2011) op. cit.
  13. Bushell, R. and McCool, S.F. (2007). ‘Tourism as a Tool for Conservation and Support of Protected Areas: Setting the Agenda’ In: R. Bushell and P.F.J. Eagles (eds.) Tourism and Protected Areas: Benefits Beyond Boundaries, pp. 12-26. Oxon, UK: CABI.
  14. Bushell, R. and Powis, B. (2009). Healthy Tourism Report, ASEAN Secretariat on Emerging Infectious Diseases. Jakarta, Indonesia.
  15. Clark, P.A. (2000). The ethics of alternative medicine theories. J Public Health Policy.21(4): 447 – 470.
  16. Curtin, S. (2010). ‘Managing the Wildlife Tourism Experience: The Importance of Tour Leaders’. International Journal of Tourism Research 12:219-236.
  17. Dabrowski, P. (1994). ‘Tourism for Conservation, Conservation for Tourism’.Unasylva 45(1):42-44.
  18. de Vries, S., Verheij, R.A., Groenewegen, P & Spreeuwenberg, P. (2003). Natural enviroments – healthy environments. An exploratory analysis of the relationship between greenspace and health. Environment and Planning, 35: 1717 -1731.
  19. DFID (UK Department for International Development). (1998). Changing the nature of tourism. DFID, London. UK.
  20. Djoh, E. and van der Wal, M. (2001). ‘Gorilla-based Tourism: A Realistic Source of Community Income in Cameroon? Case Study of the Villages of Koungoulou and Karagoua’.Rural Development Forestry Network 25e:31-37.
  21. Drumm, A. (2007). Tourism-based revenue generation for conservation. In Bushell, R. and Eagles, P. F. J. (eds) Tourism and protected areas: Benefits beyond boundaries, pp. 191-209. IUCN and CAB International, Wallingford UK, and Cambridge USA.
  22. Eagles, P. F. J., McCool, S. F., and Haynes, C. D. (2002). Sustainable Tourism in Protected Areas: Guidelines for Planning and management, Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines Series No. 8, IUCN Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge UK. Online Resource
  23. Eagles, P. F. J. (2014) Fiscal Implications of moving to tourism finance for parks: Ontario Provincial Parks. Managing Leisure, 19(1), 1-17.
  24. Fawcett, K. (2009). Personal communication. Director, Karisoke Research Centre, September 16, cited in Nielsen, H. and Spenceley, A. (2011) op. cit.
  25. Gossling, S. (2000). Sustainable tourism development in developing countries: Some aspects of energy use. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 8: 410-425.
  26. Gould, K.A. (1999). ‘Tactical Tourism: A Comparative Analysis of Rainforest Development in Ecuador and Belize’. Organization & Environment 12(3): 245-262.
  27. Greer, D. and Cipolletta, C. (2006). ‘Western Gorilla Tourism: Lessons Learned from Dzanga-Sangha’. Gorilla Journal 33:16-19.
  28. Harcourt, A.H. (1986). ‘Gorilla Conservation: Anatomy of a Campaign’. In: K. Benirschke (eds.) Primates: The Road to Self-sustaining Populations, pp. 31-46.New York: Springer-Verlag.
  29. Harris, R. (2002). ‘The Tale of the Little penguins and the Tourists - Making Tourism Sustainable in Phillip Island Nature Park’. In: T. Harris, T. Griffin and P. Williams (eds.) Sustainable Tourism: A Global Perspective. pp. 238-251. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.
  30. Higginbottom, K., Tribe, A. and Booth, R. (2003). ‘Contributions of Non-consumptive Wildlife Tourism to Conservation’. in R. Buckley, C. Pickering and D.B. Weaver (eds.)Nature-based Tourism, Environment and Land Management, eds., pp. 181-195.Oxon, UK: CABI.
  31. Hill, G.H., Cable, T.T. and Scott, D. (2010). ‘Wildlife-based Recreation as Economic Windfall: A Rhetorical Analysis of Public Discourse on Birding’. Applied Environmental Education and Communication 9:224-232.
  32. Hong, L., and Mingchong, G. (2013). Study on eco-tourism on the background of low-carbon environmental protection. Advanced Materials Research. 807-809: 1002-1005.
  33. HPHP. (2013). Healthy Parks Healthy People Central. Online Resource
  34. Hvenegaard, G.T. (2011). ‘Potential Conservation Benefits of Wildlife Festivals’.Event Management. 15(4):373-386.
  35. Hvenegaard, G.T. and Dearden, P. (1998). ‘Linking Ecotourism and Biodiversity Conservation: A Case Study of DoiInthanon National Park, Thailand’. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 19(2):193-211.
  36. Hvenegaard, G.T. and Tiitmamer Kur, N. (2010). ‘Enhancing Conservation Benefits from Wildlife Festivals and Ecotourism Activities’. Blue Jay 68(4):208-217.
  37. International Ecotourism Society (2013). Can tourism help promote sustainable water management in destinations? Retrieved February 3 from https://www.ecotourism.org/news/can-tourism-help-promote-sustainable-water-management-destinations.
  38. James, B. M. and Goodman, P. S. (2001). Ecological study, Report to the World Bank Research Project on nature Tourism and Conservation, Cascades, KwaZulu Natal: Brousse-James & Associates and KZN Wildlife. Cited in Aylward, B. (2004). op cit.
  39. Lang, T. and Heasman, M. (2004). Food Wars. London: Earthscan.
  40. Lepp A. (2002). ‘Uganda’s Bwindi Impenetrable National Park: Meeting the Challenges of Conservation and Community Development through Sustainable Tourism’. In: R. Harris, T. Griffin, and P. Williams (eds.) Sustainable Tourism: A Global Perspective. pp.211-220. Amsterdam, Netherlands: #Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.
  41. Lindberg, K. (1998). ‘Economic Aspects of Ecotourism’. In: K. Lindberg and M.E. Wood (eds.) Ecotourism: A Guide for Planners and Managers. Volume 2.pp.87-117. North Bennington, VT: The Ecotourism Society.
  42. Maller, C., Townsend,M., St Leger, L. Hendersen-Wilson,C., Pryor, A., Prosser, L. and Moore, M. (2009). Healthy Parks, Healthy People: the health benefits of contact with nature in a park context. The George Wright Forum. 26(2): 51 – 83.
  43. Mathieson, A., & Wall, G. (1982). Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts. London: Longman.
  44. Mbaiwa, J.E. (2005). The problems and prospects of sustainable tourism development in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 13(3), 203-227.
  45. McNeely, J.A,.Thorsell, J.W., and Ceballos-Lascurain, H. (1991). Guidelines for Development of Terrestrial and Marine National Parks and Protected Areas for Tourism. Gland, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.
  46. McNeilage, A. (1996). ‘Ecotourism and mountain gorillas in the Virunga Volcanoes’. In: V.J. Taylor and N.Dunstone(eds.). The Exploitation of Mammal Populations. pp. 334-344. London, UK: Chapman & Hall.
  47. Mitchell, J. and Ashley, C. (2010). Tourism and poverty reduction: pathways to prosperity. Earthscan publications, UK.
  48. Moore, A.W. (1991). Planning for ecotourism in protected areas. In: J.A. Kusler (ed.) Ecotourism and Research Conservation (pp. 563-574). Merida, Mexico and Miami Beach, FL: International Symposia on Ecotourism and Resource Conservation.
  49. Munn, C.A. (1992). ‘Macaw Biology and Ecotourism, or “when a bird in the bush is worth two in the hand” In: S.R. Beissinger& N.F.R. Snyder (eds.). In: New World Parrots in Crisis: Solutions from Conservation Biology. pp. 47-72. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press,
  50. National Parks Service. (2013). National Parks and Public Health: Healthy Parks Healthy People Science Plan. US Dept of Interior: Washington DC. Online Resource
  51. Natural England. (2012). Health and natural environments –an evidence based information pack. Online Resource
  52. Nielsen, H. and Spenceley, A. (2011). The success of tourism in Rwanda: Gorillas and more, Chunhjan-Pole, P., Angwafo, M. (eds.) Yes Africa Can: Success Stories from a Dynamic Continent, The World Bank: pp 231-249.
  53. Pegas, F.D.V. and Stronza, A. (2008). ‘Ecotourism Equations: Do Economic Benefits Equal Conservation?’ In: A. Stronza& W.H. Durham (eds.). Ecotourism and Conservation in the Americas, eds. pp. 163-176, Oxon, UK: CABI.
  54. Plumptre, A. J., Kayitare, A., Ranier, H., Gray, M., Munanura, I., Barakabuye, N., Asuma, S., Sivha, M., and Namara, A., (2004). The socio-economic status of people living near protected areas in the Central Albertine Rift. Albertine Rift Technical Reports 4. Wildlife Conservation #Society, New York. Cited in Nielsen, H. and Spenceley, A. (2011) op. cit.
  55. Potwarka, L.R., Kaczynski, A.T. and Flack, A.L. (2008). Places to Play: associations of park space and facilities with healthy weight status among children. J Community Health.33: 344 – 350.
  56. Powell, R., Kellert, S. and Ham, S. (2009). ‘Interactional Theory and the Sustainable Nature-based Tourism Experience’. Society and Natural Resources 22(8):761-776.
  57. Powell, R.B. and Ham, S.H. (2008). ‘Can Ecotourism Interpretation Really Lead to Pro-Conservation Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviour? Evidence from the Galapagos Islands’.Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 16(4):467-489.
  58. Pretty, J. (2004). How nature contributes to mental and physical health. Spirituality & Health International 5(2): 68 – 78.
  59. Pretty, J; Griffin, M; Peacock, J; Hine, R; Sellens, M, & South, N. (2005). A Countryside for Health and Wellbeing: the Physical and Mental Health benefits of ‘Green’ Exercise. Countryside Recreation Network, Sheffield Hallam University. http://www.countrysiderecreation.org.uk/pdf/CRN%20exec%20summary.pdf
  60. Pretty, J; Griffin, M; Peacock, J; Hine, R; Sellens, M, &Griffin, M. (2007). Green Exercise in the UK Countryside: effects on health and psychological wellbeing and the implications for policy and planning. J. Environmental Planning and Management, 50(2): 211-231.
  61. Rattan, J.K., Eagles, P.F.J., and Mair, H.L. (2012). Volunteer tourism: its role in creating conservation awareness. Journal of Ecotourism 11(1): 1-15.
  62. Rodrigues, A. (2012). Concessions contract management and monitoring in Niassa Reserve, Mozambique. In: Spenceley, A., Casimirio, R., and Barborak, J. Concessioning tourism opportunities in conservation areas and maximizing rural development: Lessons and the way forward for Mozambique and other Southern African countries, Girasol Indy Village, Maputo, Mozambique, 19-22 March 2012, Minutes of meeting, Report to the USAID SPEED program.
  63. Sandbrook, C. and Adams, W.H. (2012). Accessing the impenetrable: the nature and distribution of tourism benefits at a Ugandan National Park. Society & Natural Resources 25(9): 915-932.
  64. Scherl, L. M. and Edwards, S. (2007). Tourism, indigenous and local communities and protected areas in developing nations, In Bushell, R. and Eagles, P. F. J. (eds.) Tourism and protected areas: Benefits beyond boundaries. pp71-88. IUCN and CAB International, Wallingford UK, and Cambridge USA.
  65. School of Health and Social Development (SHSD). (2008). Healthy Parks, Healthy People: The health benefits of contact with nature in a park context. Deakin University. http://www.healthyparkshealthypeoplecongress.org/images/stories/documents/hphp.pdf
  66. SANParks. (2012). South African National Parks Annual Report, 2011-2012. pp29-30. Online Resource
  67. Sewell, W.R.D., Dearden, P. and Dumbrell, J. (1989).‘Wilderness Decision Making and the Role of Environmental Interest Groups: A Comparison of the Franklin Dam, Tasmania and South Moresby, British Columbia’. Natural Resources Journal 29(1): 147-169.
  68. Sindiyo, D.M. and Pertet, F.N. (1984). ‘Tourism and its Impact on Wildlife Conservation in Kenya’. UNEP Industry and Environment 7(1):14-19.
  69. Sparkes, C. & Woods, C. (2009) Linking People to Landscape: the benefit of sustainable travel in countryside recreation and tourism. East of England Development Agency.
  70. Steven, R., Castley, J.G., & Buckley, R. (2013). Tourism revenue as a conservation tool for threatened birds in protected areas. PLOS One 8(5): e62598: 1-7.
  71. Stronza, A. (2007). ‘The Economic Promise of Ecotourism of Conservation’.Journal of Ecotourism 6(3): 210-230.
  72. Snyman, S. (2012a). The role of ecotourism employment in poverty reduction and community perceptions of conservation and tourism in southern Africa. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(3), 395-416.
  73. Snyman, S. (2012b). Ecotourism joint ventures between the private sector and communities: An updated analysis of the Torra Conservancy and Damaraland Camp partnership, Namibia, Tourism Management Perspectives, 4, 127-135.
  74. Snyman, S. (2013). High-end ecotourism and rural communities in southern Africa: A socio-economic analysis. Unpublished PhD dissertation, School of Economics, University of Cape Town.
  75. Spenceley, A. (ed). (2008). Responsible Tourism: Critical issues for conservation and development. Earthscan, IUCN, UK.
  76. Taylor, A.F., Kuo, F.E. & Sullivan, W.C. (2001). Coping with ADD: the surprising connection to green play settings. Environment and Behaviour. 33: 54-77.
  77. Telfer, D.J. & Sharpley, R. (2008). Tourism and development in the developing world. Routledge.
  78. Thompson, A. (2008). Concessions in Namibia’s protected areas, Presentation to the African Safari Lodges Program, The Grace Hotel, Rosebank, South Africa, 19-21 May 2008. Accessible from www.asl-foundation.org/news.php?id=241&catid
  79. Thompson, A., Massyn, P. J., Pendry, J., & Pastorelli, J. (2014). Tourism concessions in protected natural areas: Guidelines for managers. New York: United Nations Development Programme. Online Resource
  80. Thresher, P. (1981). ‘The Economics of a Lion’. Unasylva. 33(134):34-35.
  81. Turpie, J.K., Heydenrych, B.J., & Lamberth, S.J. 2003. Economic value of terrestrial and marine biodiversity in the Cape Floristic Region: Implications for defining effective and social optimal conservation strategies. Biological Conservation 112: 233-251.
  82. Uwingeli, P. (2009). Personal communication, Chief Park Warden, Volcanoes National Park, November 3, cited in Nielsen, H. and Spenceley, A. (2011) op. cit.
  83. Van Sickel, K., and Eagles, P. F. J. (1998) Budgets, pricing policies and user fees in Canadian parks’ tourism, Tourism management, 19 (3), 225-235
  84. Weaver, D.B. (2001). Ecotourism. John Wiley & Sons, Milton, Qld, Australia.
  85. Weaver, D.B. (2013). ‘Protected Area Visitor Willingness to Participate in Site Enhancement Activities’. Journal of Travel Research 52(3):377-391.
  86. Weber, W. (1987). Ruhengeri and its Resources: An Environmental Profile of the Ruhengeri Prefecture, Rwanda.Kigali, Rwanda:Ruhengeri Resource Analysis and Management Project.
  87. Western, D. and Henry, W. (1979). ‘Economics and Conservation in Third World National Parks’. BioScience 29(7):414-418.
  88. Wilderness Holdings. (2013). Wilderness Integrated Annual Report 2013. Retrieved on 13th June 2014 from -- http://www.wilderness-group.com/system/assets/142/original/Wilderness%20IR%202013%20-%20Web.pdf?1375184197 Online Resource
  89. World Health Organisation. (2001). World Health Report. Geneva:WHO.
  90. Zeppel, H. and Muloin, S. (2008). ‘Conservation Benefits of Interpretation on Marine Wildlife Tours’. Human Dimensions of Wildlife. 13(4):280-294.

Partner Links

Retrieved from "http://iucn2.cnr.ncsu.edu/index.php?title=Positive_Impacts_of_Tourism&oldid=955"